Expert / 16 March, 2026 / My Baba

The Low-Down On Meningitis: What Are The Signs And Symptoms

Following the recent meningitis outbreak in Canterbury, Kent, which has resulted in several serious cases and sadly some fatalities among students, it’s a timely reminder of the importance of recognising the signs of meningitis and seeking urgent medical attention.

Local public health authorities have been working to identify close contacts and provide preventive treatment, highlighting how quickly meningitis can progress. Awareness of symptoms and early intervention remain critical in preventing serious illness or death.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by either a viral or bacterial infection. Meningitis often occurs alongside septicaemia (infection of the blood), particularly when caused by meningococcal bacteria.

Bacterial meningitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria. Children under 5 years of age and teenagers are at the highest risk. It should be treated as a medical emergency, as if left untreated, it can cause brain damage, septicaemia, and even death.

Viral meningitis is more common than bacterial meningitis. It is usually less serious, and most people make a full recovery.

What are the signs and symptoms to look for?

• Severe headache

• Vomiting

• High temperature (over 38°C)

• Neck stiffness (unable to touch chin to chest)

• Drowsiness or confusion

• Muscle aches, stomach cramps, or diarrhoea

• Photophobia (sensitivity to light)

• Distinctive non-blanching rash: often dark red or purple. Not everyone develops this rash, and it can be a late sign.

In babies and young children, symptoms may be less specific and include:

• Stiff or floppy body/limbs

• Irritability and dislike of being picked up

• Pale or blotchy skin, cool hands and feet

• Rapid breathing

• Excessive crying (moaning or unusual cry)

• Poor feeding or vomiting

• Difficult to wake, sleeping more than usual

• Bulging fontanelle (soft spot on the head appearing swollen)

Symptoms can develop rapidly over hours or sometimes over a few days.

IF YOU SUSPECT MENINGITIS OR SEPTICAEMIA, SEEK HELP IMMEDIATELY.

How is meningitis treated?

• Bacterial meningitis requires antibiotics and usually hospital admission, sometimes in intensive care.

• Viral meningitis is treated with rest and pain relief, and typically resolves within 2–3 weeks.

What are the complications of meningitis?

Most children make a full recovery if treated promptly. Delays increase the risk of complications, which can include hearing loss, learning difficulties, epilepsy, joint or bone problems, or kidney issues. Early recognition and treatment are crucial.

How can I prevent my child from contracting meningitis?

There is a comprehensive vaccination programme in the UK protecting against several types of bacteria that cause meningitis, including MenB, MenACWY, Hib, and others. The MMR vaccine protects against mumps, which can cause viral meningitis. These vaccines are part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule.

Even with vaccination, meningitis remains a serious but relatively rare condition. Awareness of symptoms and early medical attention are essential. Consult your GP or health visitor if you have concerns about your child’s vaccination status.

Further advice, support, and information

• Meningitis Research Foundation – Tel: 01454 281 811 | www.meningitis.org

• Meningitis Now – Tel: 0808 800 3344 | www.meningitisnow.org

• NHS 111 – Call 111

• For images of meningitis rashes: DermNet NZ

References

• NHS – Meningitis

• Patient.info – Meningitis & Septicaemia

• Illustrated Textbook of Paediatrics, 2nd ed., G. Clayden, Mosby, 2004

• BBC Health – Meningitis

Disclaimer: This content is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your GP or healthcare professional if you have concerns about your or your child’s health.

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